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From: KANEPCHEM <94970459@vax1.dcu.ie>
Subject: Dr. Andy Holder's Comparison of semi-empirical methods
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   Dear Ccl'ers,

   With refefence to my recent promise to post Dr Andy Holder's comparisons of semi-empirical methods, I have received 28 (and still growing) requests for this information. Accordingly, I would prefer to post one message to everybody.

   Please find below Dr. Andy Holder's messages with additonal comments by Ernie Chamot.

   Regards,
   Paddy

   Paddy Kane
   Dublin City University
   Dublin
   Ireland
                $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

A question was recently posted as to the difference between MNDO
and AM1.  I'll be happy to give my take on this.

1.  The basic difference between the two methods is the addition of 
Gaussian functions to some of the core repulsion functions (CRFs) 
for certain elements.  These functions have a position, a width, 
and an intensity, all of which can be taken as parameters.  They 
were initially intended to adjust the SHAPE of the CRF so that it 
would more closely correspond to "reality", whatever that is.  In 
essence, they were used as patches for specific types of systems 
that could not be handled in general parameterization without 
disrupting other chemically important items.  In my experience, 
the Gaussians were added one at a time and with great deliberation, 
and only after the other parameters were pretty much settled on.  
This is because they could potentially have such a large effect
on the chemistry of the elements.

An example of this are the Al-Cl systems for AM1.  When I was
finishing parameters for Al in AM1, these systems would simply not
come out correctly.  A carefully placed Gaussian solved the problem.
Another example of a "problem" Gaussian function is the one found
at about 3.0 angstroms in the phosphorous parameters for AM1.
This Gaussian can cause extensive problems when there are TWO P
atoms at about this distance in a compound.

All in all, Gaussians MUST be used with extreme care and anytime
one is added to repair a problem, it will almost certainly cause
another.  As with all things, it is a matter of trade-offs.
The above discussion has led to my conclusion (tongue firmly in
cheek) that Gaussians are "evil."  I think I would amend that to
be a "neccessary evil."

2.  Another difference that must be mentioned is additional flex-
ibility in the parameters for the lighter elements in the case of
AM1.  For instance, for most of the lighter elements (rows 1 and 2)
only one zeta value (exponent of the slater orbitals) and one beta
value (resonance) was used for both s and p orbitals in the valence
shell within MNDO.  This approximation was abandoned for the heavier
elements in MNDO and completely for AM1.  This assumption was made
in the case of MNDO for computational efficiency.

3.  The third difference is the added computational power available
for parameterization searches when AM1 was parameterized.  Much more
extensive grid searches and trial parameter examination could be
carried out more quickly as timne went by.  Most of the AM1 parameter
sets are substantially different than the MNDO ones indicating that
definitely different parameter minima were located.

All in all, the methods are basically the same in theory differing
only in the details.  The same can be said about PM3, in that it
was a different parameterization method, not a different theory.
For most cases, the performance of AM1 is considered to be generally
superior to MNDO.


 Regards,  Andy Holder

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
 
UUUU  UUU MMM   MMKK KKKK   CCCC   |           ANDREW J. HOLDER
 UU    U   MM   MMK   K    CC  CC  | Asst. Prof. of Comp./Org. Chemistry
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  UUUUU   MMM M MMKK   KK   CCCC   |         Kansas City, MO  64110
                        KK         |          aholder@cctr.umkc.edu
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Date: Thu, 31 Mar 1994 11:24:04 -0600
From: Ernie Chamot <echamot@amoco.com>
Subject: References Comparing Calculated IPs and EAs


I have been trying to follow the relative accuracy of various methods
(molecular mechanics, semiempirical, ab initio SCF, and density functional)
in calculating properties for different classes of compounds, and am
particular interested in comparisons with experimental data.  Here are a
couple compilations (which should be a good source of references) and a
couple newer references that I found useful because each gave comparisons of
ionization potentials or electron affinities for a series of compounds:

"Density Functional Methods in Chemistry", Labanowski & Andzelm Ed., Springer-
Verlag (1991).
"Reviews in Computational Chemistry," Lipkowitz & Boyd, VCH, 1990.

W. Thiel, Theo. Chem. Acta., 81, 391- (1992).
J. J. P. Stewart, J. Comp. Chem., 12(3), 320-41, 1991.
Ziegler & Gutsev, J. Comp. Chem., 13, 70-75 (1992).
J. Baker, et. al., J. Comp. Chem., 7(3), 49-58 (1986).

Also, the Ampac 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 literature from Andy Holder summarizes
results from testing he, Dewar, and others have done in developing SAM1.

I would be very interested in a summary of other references you find useful,
if you don't summarize your responses to the CCL.  Thanks.

                                         EC


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Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 19:33:55 -0600 (CST)
Subject: AM1 vs. PM3
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Netters,

   A few weeks ago, Jeffrey Nauss asked about a comparison between the AM1 and
PM3 semiempirical methods.  Both of these semiempirical methods are
included in most programs that support semiempirical calculations (AMPAC,
MOPAC, etc.).  Please note that the following discussion is MY OPINION and
a compendium of MY EXPERIENCES.  I hope you find it somewhat useful.

   The lead references to each method follows:

AM1: Dewar, M. J. S.; Zoebisch, E. G.; Healy, E. F.; Stewart, J. J.
        P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3902.

PM3: Stewart, J. J. P. J. Comput. Chem. 1989, 10, 209.

   AM1 stands for "Austin Model 1" and PM3 stands for "Parameterization
Method 3".  Both methods implement the same basic NDDO theory pioneered
by Michael Dewar while at the University of Texas at Austin.  The differ-
erence is in how the parameters that the semiempirical methods utilize to
replace portions of the full ab initio implementation of Hartree-Fock theory.
   Perhaps the most important difference between AM1 and PM3 is the
involvement of the researcher in the parameterization process.  PM3 was
developed using a largely undirected mathematical optimization process
with greatly reduced guidance from chemical knowledge or intuition,  an
addition that the Dewar methods consider essential.  The human
researcher knows for which molecules it is necessary to obtain the best fit.
For instance, it is useless to obtain parameters for carbon and hydrogen that
describe the properties of cubane correctly if the results for benzene are
significantly different from experiment.  An attentive and knowledgeable
chemist can also guide the search into areas of the parameter hypersurface
that make sense as far as the absolute magnitude of the parameters themselves
are concerned.  As with many chemical properties, the parameter values should
vary periodically.  While this should not unduly constrain the final values,
parameters should follow well-defined general trends for proper interaction
with other elements.
    In terms of the actual NDDO model, the actual parameters allowed to vary
in the two methods are quite different.  In AM1, a large number of values we
used from spectroscopy for some of the one-center terms and the other
parameters derived with these values fixed.  (This is possible only for the
lighter elements in the Main Group.)  PM3 allowed ALL of these values to float,
resulting in substantially more parameters.
    AM1 also had a quite different concept as to the application of the
Guassian functions introduced with AM1 to adjust the core-electron/core-
electron repulsion function.  Workers in the Dewar group and subsequently in my
group see Gaussian functions as PATCHES to the theory, not integral parts.  All
models fail at some point and the Gaussians were introduced to help with some
of the systematic errors in MNDO.  Traditionally, these patches were applied to
adjust for difficult molecular systems AFTER semiempirical parameters were
stabilized.  PM3 includes these Gaussian functions (two for each element) FROM
THE BEGINNING.  Our experience indicates that in such a situtaion, the
chemistry os the element will very likely be very strongly effected by the
presence of these functions and the importance of the "real", "chemical"
parameters will be reduced and swallowed up bu the Gaussians.   In short,
Gaussians should only be used where absolutely needed, and then viewed with
askance.
    The essence of the difference between the two philosophies is evident:
the theoretical basis for the method is either accepted or denied.  Significant
approximations are made to gain the speed advantage that semiempirical methods
enjoy over their ab initio quantum mechanical brethren.  But both the ab initio
and semiempirical models are based on the Hartree-Fock set of ideas.  These
ideas possess theoretical rigor as regards solution of the Schrodinger
Equation.  If one simply views the semiempirical parameters as adjustables
within a curve-fit scheme rather than as components of a theoretical model,
little faith or importance resides in the meaning of their final values.
Simply put, the method of parameterization described above and used so
successfully with AM1 and MNDO (and now SAM1) expresses confidence in the
theory.  With a firmer footing in chemical reality, AM1 parameters are
more likely to yield useful results for situations not specifically included
in the molecular basis set for parameterization (MBSP).


                      Some Practical Considerations
                      -----------------------------
   The differences in errors between the two methods as published are
minimal, but that does not relate the real story of how the methods perform
differently.  Some key points:

  -  PM3 is clearly better for NO2 compounds as a larger number of these
      were included in the MBSP.

  -  PM3 is usually a little better for geometries, as these were also
      heavily weighted.

  -  The molecular orbital picture with PM3 is usually different from that
      expected or that predicted by other methods.  This is a direct consequence
      of the lack of attention paid to the absolute values of Uss and Upp.
      It can be seen in the lack of performance in ionization potentials.

  -  PM3 charges are usually unreliable, again a result of the rather strange
      values that some of the parameters take on, even when other experimental
      data such as heats of formation and geometries are acceptable.  This
      makes PM3 essentially useless for the derivation of molecular m echanics
      force fields.  Perhaps the best known example of this is the case of
      formamide.  The partial charges for the atoms in the molecules are listed
      below.  The lack of any appreciable charge on N has led to a reversal of
      the actual bond dipole between C and N in this molecule!

         Atom        AM1       PM3           HF/6-31G*
         ---------------------------------------------
          O       -0.3706    -0.3692         -0.5541
          C        0.2575     0.2141          0.5079
          N       -0.4483    -0.0311         -0.8835


                  O
                 //
               H-C
                 \
                  NH2


  -  Several papers have been published describing the performance of
      AM1 vs. PM3:

Dewar, M. J. S.; Healy, E. F.; Yuan, Y.-C.; Holder, A. J. J. Comput. Chem.
      1990, 11, 541.
Smith, D.A.  J. Fluor. Chem. 1990, 50, 427
Smith, D.A.; Ulmer, C.W.; Gilbert, M.J.  J. Comput. Chem. 1992, 13, 640.

  -  Most reserachers in my experience have stopped using PM3 and have
      returned to AM1.


             An Example of Parameterization Values for Aluminum
             --------------------------------------------------
        Parameter              AM1            MNDO             PM3

        Uss, eV            -24.353585      -23.807097      -24.845404
        Upp, eV            -18.363645      -17.519878      -22.264159
        zetas, au            1.516593                        1.70288
                                          }  1.444161
        zetap, au            1.306347                        1.073269
        betas, eV           -3.866822                       -0.594301
                                          } -2.670284
        betap, eV           -2.317146                       -0.956550
        alpha                1.976586        1.868839        1.521073




Gaussians:
        Intensity #1, eV     0.090000          -            -0.473090
        Width #1            12.392443          -             1.915825
        Position #1          2.050394          -             1.451728
        Intensity #2, eV        -              -            -0.154051
        Width #2                -              -             6.005086
        Position #2             -              -             2.51997

    The point on the potential surface located by PM3 is significantly
different than that located by AM1.  This is immediately apparent from the
large discrepancy between the Upp values.  These are the important one-
electron energy values and they have strong influence on the parameter
hypersurface.  Also, the difference between Uss and Upp for both MNDO and AM1
is about 6 eV.  This has been reduced to 2.5 eV in PM3.  The real difficulty,
however, is in the Beta values.  These parameters are the two-center/one-
electron resonance terms and are responsible for bonding interactions between
atoms.  The PM3 values are almost zero, resulting in the conclusion that
there is very little bonding between atoms involving aluminum!  (Note that
the AM1 values for betas and betap spread out around the single MNDO value
for beta.  This suggests that the MNDO values were reasonable and AM1 adds
greater flexibility.)  PM3 regains the bonding interactions lost in the low
beta values with two strongly attractive Gaussians spanning the bonding region.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
                              DR. ANDREW HOLDER
             Assistant Professor of Computational/Organic Chemistry

Department of Chemistry              ||  BITNET Addr:   AHOLDER@UMKCVAX1
University of Missouri - Kansas City ||  Internet Addr: aholder@vax1.umkc.edu
Spencer Chemistry, Room 315          ||  Phone Number:  (816) 235-2293
Kansas City, Missouri 64110          ||  FAX Number:    (816) 235-1717
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

From PEROTT@if.ufrgs.br  Mon May  8 11:49:36 1995
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Date: Mon, 08 May 1995 12:41:50 -0300
Subject: Software for crystalline solids - summary
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     Dear netters,

     Here is the summary of responses to my question. Thanks
a lot to all !!
          Claudio.

Original question:

>I am a solid state physicist and I am interested in the
>calculation of physical properties of  crystalline solids
>(such as lattice parameters, bulk modulus ...  ) by ab
>initio or semiempirical methods.
>     Could  someone  give  me  an  indication  of  any
>software  (public  domain  or  commercial)  that  could
>handle with periodic systems?
>
>    I will summarize to the net.
>     Thanks in advance.
>
>     Claudio Perottoni
>     Instituto de Fisica - UFRGS
>     e-mail: PEROTT@IF.UFRGS.BR

   ----- End of the message -----
------------------------------------------------------------
From:     IN%"og845@adrian.pnl.gov"  2-MAY-1995 22:26:25.47

CRYSTAL92 is a Hartree-Fock program for the study of
crystalline systems;
to get informations about it, send an e-mail to
     CRYSTA92@itocsivm.csi.it

Edoardo Apra' - PNL - Battelle Blvd
Richland, WA 99352, MS K1-96
Tel: +1-509-375-6760     FAX: +1-509-375-6631
------------------------------------------------------------
From:     IN%"P8946019@csdvax.csd.unsw.EDU.AU"  

Claudio

Try CRYSTAL 92, an ab initio Hartree Fock LCAO program for
periodic systems.

Hugh

------------------------------------------------------------

From:     IN%"ostertag@alf.biochem.mpg.de"  "Georg Ostertag"

Hello Claudio,
I read your posting in the CCL.
I know a group at the university of Ulm. They are developing
a semiempirical method. As I know, they are now programming 
a facility to calculate cristals or polymers. This would be 
perhaps an address for you. I think, they are also interested 
in having contact with people using their method or program.

The address is:

Abteilung fuer angewandte Physik
Arbeitsgruppe Prof. Dr. P. Haegele
Albert-Einsein-Alle 11
89081 Ulm
Germany

The people who are working on the program are
Rainer Mallon (Dipl. Physiker)
and Manfred Doser (student)

E-Mail: Manfred.Doser@physik.uni-ulm.de
     manfred@model2an.physik.uni-ulm.de
     Rainer.Mallon@physik.uni-ulm.de

Regards,

Georg Ostertag
MPI f. Biochemistry
Martinsried / Munich
Germany
ostertag@alf.biochem.mpg.de

------------------------------------------------------------

From:     IN%"work@hal6000.qf.ub.es"  3-MAY-1995 06:49:12.10
Hi Claudio,

If you are interested in Hartree-Fock periodic calculation
you should use CRYSTAL program. Contact Dr. Dovesi at the
university of Turin. Depending on the solids you are
interested in you can try a cluster approach.

Best regards,

Francesc

Prof. Francesc Illas,
Facultat de Quimica,
Departament de Quimica Fisica,
Universitat de Barcelona,
C/ Marti i Franques 1,
08028 Barcelona,
SPAIN

e-mail:  work at hal6000.qf.ub.es
phone :  34-3-402 1229
FAX   :  34-3-411 1492
==================================================

From:     IN%"jperl@stc.chem.rochester.edu"  3-MAY-1995
12:58:18.92

There are several papers which discuss methods for
predicting packing geometries of molecules in solids. 
These are
1)Gavezzotti, A. JACS 113, 4622(1991)
2)JR Holden, Z. Du, HL Ammon, J. Comput. Chem. 14, 422(1993)
3)HR Karfunkel, B. Rohde, FJJ Leusen, RJ Gdanitz, GJ Rihs,
J. Comput.Chem
  14, 1125(1993)
4) J Perlstein, JACS 116,11420,1994

As far as availability of code, Gavezzotti has code
available for his method, and Karfunkel's is commercially 
available in the CERIUS2 package. The code by Perlstein is 
available on request from the author for space groups
P1,P21 and P212121. The first 3 papers can handle rigid
molecules. The last paper can handle molecules with up to 
12 exocyclic torsion bonds.
******************************************************
Jerry Perlstein
Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer
Department of Chemistry
University of Rochester
Rochester,NY 14627
Email: perlstein@chem.chem.rochester.edu
------------------------------------------------------------
From:     IN%"rcfort@maine.maine.edu"  3-MAY-1995
13:51:53.97

Take a look at CRYSTAL88, program #577, from QCPE.

Professor Ray Fort, Jr.             Voice:   (207)-581-1180
Department of Chemistry             FAX:     (207)-581-1191
University of Maine                 E-mail:
rcfort@maine.maine.edu
Orono ME 04469
rfortjr@fort.umeche.maine.edu
         Computational organic chemistry, especially on wood-
                       and paper-related problems
------------------------------------------------------------
From:     IN%"v_uk@biosym.com"  3-MAY-1995 15:25:17.43
Dear Sir

I am a researcher of BIOSYM technologies.
We have a good ab-initio software for PBC system.

1) dsolid

DFT soft based on the numerical basis set for PBC systems

2) Plane wave

Plane_Wave is a first-principles (ab initio) quantum
mechanics soft package that performs accurate calculations 
on solid-state systems.
Plane_Wave calculates variational self-consistent solutions
to the density functional theory (DFT) equations for insulating 
and semiconducting systems that are subject to 3D periodic 
boundary conditions. The method uses a plane-wave expansion for 
the wavefunctions and a pseudopotential representation of the ions.

3) ESOCS

ESOCS is a first-principle (ab-initio) quantum mechanics
packages that performs accurate theoretical calculations on 
a wide range of 3D solid-state systems including metals, 
semiconductors and surfaces.

ESOCS stands for Electronic Structure of Close-packed Solids.
It is based on spin density functional methods and the
Atomic Sphere Approximation (ASA). The distinguishing feature of 
the code is a spherical wave expansion of the wave functions, which 
are centered at each atomic state of the solids.Because of this 
construction, the projection of quantities like densities
of state onto atomic sites is particularly easily computed.
Since ESOCS does not use the frozen core approximation, changes in 
the core spectra due to core relaxation can be calculated.

Masahiko Katagiri
v_uk@biosym.com
Biosym Technologies, Inc.  9685 Scranton Road  San Diego, CA
92121
------------------------------------------------------------

From:     IN%"ricart@quimica.urv.es"  4-MAY-1995 10:27:11.86

Dear Claudio:
  It is obvious that you need the program CRYSTAL, that
permits the calculation of wave-function and properties of 
crystalline systems, using a Hartree-Fock-LCAO aproximation.
  You should contact with the Theoretical Chemistry Group of
TORINO, for example by E-mail to CRYSTA92@ITOCSIVM.CSI.IT
  Good luck.


   Josep Manel Ricart Pla
  Departament de Quimica
  UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI
  Placa Imperial Tarraco, 1
     43005 - TARRAGONA (SPAIN)
      TEL:    +34-(9)77-559568
      FAX:    +34-(9)77-559563
      e-mail:ricart@quimica.urv.es
------------------------------------------------------------

From:IN%"ehlers@iodine.chem.vu.nl"  "Andreas Ehlers"  

Dear Mr Perottoni,
there is a good program called ADF_BAND that can calculate
periodic structures using the density funtional theory. I have
forwarded your mail to one of the authors, so he can tell you 
more details.
I hope this helps,
Andreas Ehlers

==============================================
  - Andreas Ehlers
  - Afdeling Theoretische Chemie,Faculteit Scheikunde
  -Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  -De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam
    ehlers@iodine.chem.vu.nl
==============================================

From: "Prof. Carla Roetti" <CRYSTA92@ITOCSIVM.CSI.IT>

Dear Dr Perottoni,
I read your mail to CCL about calculation of physical
properties of crystalline solids.
We developed in collaboration with VR SAunders CRYSTAL,
an ab initio Hartree-Fock program for periodic systems
(1-2-3 dimensions).
The release 92 is now distributed, at the distribution cost
of 450.000 Italian Lire (+-270$), by our university.
We could send you further information if
you supply your fax number and traditional address.
Best regards,
          Carla Roetti
------------------------------------------------------------
From:     IN%"julie@biosym.com"  4-MAY-1995 16:44:15.98

Dear Claudio

One of my clients sent me your email.  Which University are
you at?
We have a whole range of solid state chemistry and quantum
tools that can help you with periodic systems.  So please 
send your name and fax number and let's start communicating.

Julie Bryant


Julie Bryant
BIOSYM Technologies, Inc.             Phone:  619/597-9707
9685 Scranton Road                      Fax:  619/597-9777
San Diego, CA  92121                 E-Mail:julie@biosym.com





From stoutepf@chemsci1.dmpc.com  Mon May  8 18:19:37 1995
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To: dibug@comp.bioz.unibas.ch, chemistry@ccl.net, water@gibbs.oit.unc.edu
From: stoutepf@chemsci1.dmpc.com (Pieter Stouten)
Subject: Solvation RefLib (28 Mar 95; replaces 15 Mar 95)


An updated version of my library with solvation references is available as a
Macintosh file in stuffed (.sit) and binhexed stuffed (.hqx) Endnote formats,
and as an ASCII file in Refer format (.txt). Their URLS are:

ftp://ftp.halcyon.com/local/stouten/solvation_refs.sit
http://www.halcyon.com/stouten/solvation_refs.sit

ftp://ftp.halcyon.com/local/stouten/solvation_refs.hqx
http://www.halcyon.com/stouten/solvation_refs.hqx

ftp://ftp.halcyon.com/local/stouten/solvation_refs.txt
http://www.halcyon.com/stouten/solvation_refs.txt

Originally, I used the library to keep all references of my 1993 solvation
paper, and it contains references to papers that have little or nothing to
do with solvation. Konrad Koehler recently provided me with 11 new references,
and the present version of the library contains 123 references in total. If
you notice any omissions just send me the references and I will incorporate
them.

If you have no internet access (i.e., cannot ftp or browse the web), let me
know and I'll mail you a copy. Make sure you specify the format (.hqx or
.txt).

Enjoy!

--
Pieter Stouten, Senior Research Scientist
Computer Aided Drug Design Group
The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company
P.O. Box 80353, Wilmington, DE 19880-0353
Phone: +1 (302) 695 3515
Fax: +1 (302) 695 2813
Internet: stoutepf@chemsci1.dmpc.com
CompuServe: 73172,2004
WWW: http://www.halcyon.com/stouten/stouten.html



From bkarlak@ren.onyx-pharm.com  Mon May  8 19:19:38 1995
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From: "Brian Karlak" <bkarlak@ren.onyx-pharm.com>
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Date: Mon, 8 May 1995 16:04:49 -0700
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Subject: Available drug databases
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Does anyone know a way to access that structures of drugs that are either
commercially available or in preclinical trials?  Are there any publically
available databases that contain this information?

Thanks.  I will summarize available responses for those who wish a copy.

Brian Karlak
Onyx Pharmaceuticals


-- 

This .sig is meaningless.

From markm@portal.vpharm.com  Mon May  8 23:19:41 1995
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From: markm@portal.vpharm.com (Mark Murcko)
Message-Id: <9505090256.AA14194@portal.vpharm.com>
Subject: Ki prediction methods
To: chemistry@ccl.net
Date: Mon, 8 May 1995 22:56:01 -0500 (EDT)
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I've been reviewing the field of Ki prediction, and thought I would
ask whether anyone in the group knows of any interesting work that 
hasn't yet been published (e.g. pre-prints, meeting abstracts).  
Thanks in advance for any help. 

/ Mark (markm@vpharm.com)

