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To: chemistry@www.ccl.net
Subject: Avogadro's Number
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Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) in 1811 proposed the hypothesis that 
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure 
contained the same number of molecules, the latter being stable, 
multi-atomed particles. In point of fact Avogadro's hypothesis was 
without any impact or influence on the calculation of atomic weights at 
this time. Not until the explanatory power of electrochemical theory 
had temporarily waned in the 1850s under the weight of difficulties in 
organic chemistry, and chemists and physicists found it convenient to 
accept (without explanation) that dimers such as H2 and O2 could exist, 
was a complete reconciliation of gravimetric and volumetric data 
possible. Until then the dimerization of like-charged atoms remained
impossible.
 
       -parthi


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 02:03:18 1999
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Dear CCLers,

I would like to calculate reliable adsorption energies and optimized
geometries for small molecules on/in relatively large transition metal
clusters (50-100 atoms). My main interest is in adsorbent-induced
changes in metal skeleton. To my best knowledge the ZINDO program is the
best choice for such calculations. May somebody here point me out how
can I get it? Any suggestions on other semiempirical programs with
parametrization for transition metals will be appreciated, as well.

Thanks in advance,

Irena Efremenko


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 06:20:20 1999
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Dear CCLers,

 The Avogadro's number was firstly determined by Loschmidt in 1865, 9
years after the death of
Avogadro. This calculation was based on the application of the kinetic
theory of gases. In 1913,
Jean Perrin published his book "Les atomes", where the Avogadro's number
was calculated by
means of 13 different ways, this fact being usually considered as the
final victory of the atomic
theory.

 For a very brief explanation of the Loschmidt's calculation, see:

KOHN, MORITZ, Josef Loschmidt. Journal of Chemical Education 1945, 22,
381-384.

 Best wishes,

                           LUIS SALVATELLA





From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 10:01:29 1999
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I'm working on small peptides which complex nickel II ion via
histidines, and want to model such structures with amber molecular
dynamics, but the force field lack of nickel parameters. Does anyone got
information or can give references to nickel II parameters such as
armonic force constants, torsional barriers, 6-12 potentials? Or are
there other force-fields/softwares which got yet these nickel
parameters?

Thanks in advance, Andrea Bernini.
______________________________________________

Dr. Andrea Bernini
BioTechnology Ph.D. at Molecular Biology Dept.
University of Siena
Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
Phone +39 577 227911
Fax   +39 577 227903

From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 11:49:52 1999
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Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 13:46:01 -0300 (BSC)
From: andre mauricio de oliveira <amolive@dedalus.lcc.ufmg.br>
To: John Marelius <John.Marelius@molbio.uu.se>
Cc: chemistry@www.ccl.net,
        Karin Kolmodin <karin.kolmodin@molbio.uu.se>,
        Isabella Feierberg <isabella@alpha2.bmc.uu.se>
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Dear Prof. Marelius,
	In your case I think that programs MacroModel
(mmod@still3.chem.columbia.edu) or Sybyl (http://www.tripos.com) are more
factible for your purpose.

Greetings.

 
On Wed, 10 Mar 1999, John Marelius wrote:

> Dear CCL members,
> 
> I teach a course in molecular and statistical mechanics for third-year
> biotechnology students. Until now the students have used Insight II from
> MSI for the computer exercises, but now I am looking into what other
> software packages could be used. I would appreciate if you would share
> any experience you have with other packages, particularly in an
> undergraduate course context.
> 
> The exercises contain
> * visualisation of proteins
> * building small molecules and peptides
> * energy minimisation
> * conformational search
> * molecular dynamics of small molecules and proteins with explicit solvent
> * free energy perturbation simulations
> * receptor-ligand docking and scoring
> 
> I would prefer a package which runs on one or more of MS Windows NT,
> Linux or Sun Solaris.
> 
> I will be happy to summarise the responses to the list.
> 
> regards,
> 
> John Marelius
> 
> +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
> |          John Marelius                                          |
> |          Dept. of Molecular Biology, Uppsala University         |
> | E-mail:  John.Marelius@molbio.uu.se                             |
> | phone:   +46 18 4714988, fax:  +46 18 536971                    |
> | address: Box 590, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden                      |
> +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
> 
> 
> 
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> 

Andre Mauricio de Oliveira

VOICE +55-031-374-1325
      +55-031-499-5765 
FAX   +55-031-499-5700
 
Laboratorio de QSAR e Modelagem Molecular
Nucleo de Estudos em Quimica Medicinal (NEQUIM)
NEQUIM's Homepage: http://www.qui.ufmg.br/~nequim
Departamento de Quimica ICEx
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Av Antonio Carlos 6627 Pampulha ZIP CODE 31270-901
Belo Horizonte MG Brazil 


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 13:28:55 1999
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From: Chris Harwell <charwel@chrs1.chem.lsu.edu>
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Subject: Re: CCL:ZINDO program
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On Fri, 12 Mar 1999, Irena Efremenko wrote:

> Dear CCLers,
> 
> I would like to calculate reliable adsorption energies and optimized
> geometries for small molecules on/in relatively large transition metal
> clusters (50-100 atoms). My main interest is in adsorbent-induced
> changes in metal skeleton. To my best knowledge the ZINDO program is the
> best choice for such calculations. May somebody here point me out how
> can I get it? 

Zerner's Group at University of Florida:
http://www.qtp.ufl.edu/zindo.html

charwel@chrs1.chem.lsu.edu


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 13:29:32 1999
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Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 13:23:09 -0500 (EST)
From: Peter Shenkin <shenkin@schrodinger.com>
To: chemistry@www.ccl.net
Subject: Re: CCL:Avogadro's number
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On Thu, 11 Mar 1999, Chris Harwell wrote:
> On Thu, 11 Mar 1999, Anatoli Korkin wrote:
> > Last time I was visiting my dentist, he asked me how Avogadro
> > could come with his number at that time. 
> i think he only came up with the idea of a mole and relatvie proportions.
> 
> someone else actually came up with the number after boltzmann & maxwell
> came up with the necessary stat. mech.

Sigh.  What do they teach in freshman chemistry these days?

Based on the observation that gasses combine chemically in the
ratio of small whole numbers, Avogadro *hypothesized* that equal
volumes of gasses (at the same T & P) have the same number of
molecules.  I believe this was around 1811.

Dalton opposed this view, because an observation like
1(volume of H) + 1(volume of Cl) -> 2(volumes of HCl)
would then imply that H and Cl are diatomic, which seemed 
preposterous to him.  Of course, we now know that Dalton
was wrong in this.

But measurements weren't so good then, and there was room
for disagreement.  It wasn't until Canizzaro did better experiments
in the 1840's that Avogadro's hypothesis was accepted.

Still, nobody knew what the number was.  In the late 19th century,
people referred to Loschmidt's number, which was something like the
number of molecules in a gram of hydrogen gas.  (I forget the
exact definition -- it was something like this.)  It could
be approximated from the kinetic theory of gasses by comparing
several measurements;  this gave the right order of magnitude.
This is what Chris is referring to, I think (though I wouldn't
call it stat mech).

Getting a precise value of Avogadro's number was a hot topic
in experimental physics around the turn of the century.  Einstein's
work on Brownian motion (1905) provided the most precise values
to date, AFAIK.

I'm not sure when the quantity we refer to started to be called
Avogadro's number, but it was probably during the late 19th century,
after Avogadro's death. (He died in 1856.)

If I recall correctly, Mahan's freshman chemistry text goes into
a lot of the above history (especially the Avogadro/Dalton/Canizzaro
part).

	-P.

P.S.  Here's a homework problem.  What does a gram of any ordinary
matter contain Avogadro's number of?


--
*********** Peter S. Shenkin; Schrodinger, Inc.; (201)433-2014 ************
*********** shenkin@schrodinger.com; http://www.schrodinger.com ***********


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 19:23:39 1999
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Dear CCLers,

I am trying to do some calculations on a reaction that I am sure that
some of you might have worked with:

H2 + OH  = = = H2---OH = = =H2O + H

my problem is that I have not found in a very brief search, any
references to the geometry of the TS.
I would be most grateful to anyone who could point me to any reference
on this.

Thank You,





Mauricio Esguerra
Grupo de Quimica Teorica
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
esguerra@mentecolectiva.com


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 19:25:10 1999
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Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 18:04:42 -0500 (EST)
From: "E. Lewars" <elewars@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca>
Message-Id: <199903122304.SAA10484@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca>
To: chemistry@www.ccl.net
Subject: IR INTENSITIES__SUMMARY;THANKS


1999 March 12
               SUMMARY OF REPLIES TO Q ABOUT HOW TO CALC
          INTENSITY RATIO OF IR BANDS IN A SIMPLE WAY


 Hello, Thanks very much to all who replied to my question (below).
 Here is the summary of answers.
-------------


QUESTION:
>From E. Lewars:
Subject: Re: CCL:G:IR INTENSITIES
Date: Mon, 1 Mar 1999 15:21:12 +0300

>1999 Feb 26
>
>I have a question about calculating the relative intensities of IR
vibrations.
>Let me say at the outset that my interest here is to *illustrate* in a
simple
>way how intensities can be calc from the change in dipole moment
>accompanying the normal-mode vibration; I know there are sophisticated
>algorithms for calculating the intensity of IR bands. I just want to show
>how, in principle, one might get relative intensities in a conceptually
>simple way.
>
>The intensity of a normal-mode vibration is approximately
>
>                         I = k(dm/dq)**2
>
>where
>     k is a proportionality constant (we are interested in _relative_
>     intensities)
>     m = dipole moment
>     q = a geometric parameter like bond length
>
>Approximating the derivative as the ratio of finite increments enables us
>to readily calculate relative intensities for the single mode of diatomic
>molecules:
>
>                       I = k(delta m/delta q)**2
>
>Thus for H-F and HCl, using HF/6-31G* calcs:
>    H-F   r(0.9109=r-equil), m = 1.9719 D; r(0.9209), m = 1.9897
>         I = k(0.0178/0.01)**2 = 3.17k
>
>    H-Cl  r(1.2662=r-equil), m = 1.5017 D; r(1.2762), m = 1.5081
>         I = k(0.0064/0.01)**2 = 0.41k
>
>   Intensity ratio, I(HF)/I(HCl) = 3.17/0.41 = 7.7
>
> A calc using Gaussian 98 gives an intensity ratio of 141.5/24.3 = 5.8
> Fine.
>-------------
>QUESTION:
>Suppose we have, say H2O, and want to calc the relative intensities of
>the asym and the sym stretching modes. In principle we can distort the geom
>a little (as for H-F and H-Cl, above) and calc the change in dipole moment,
>delta m. But what do we take as delta q when there is not just *one* simple
>geometric parameter like r=(H--X)?  I suppose either q is composite, or the
>expression for I has several terms.
>
>
>                   O
>                 /    \
>               H       H
>
>          Thanks
>            E. Lewars
 ===========================
ANSWERS

#1

In your expression   I = k(dm/dq)**2 , the quantity q is not just a
geometrical parameter but it is a normal coordinate. So that, in your finite
difference approximation, you should use a normal coordinate vector as delta
q.

For example, in order to calculate the intensity of full-symmetric mode, you
should take a positive increments for both OH bond lengths. For asymmetric
mode, you should take +delta for one bond lengths, and simultaneously -delta
for another one. More exactly, you should use a realistic normal coordinate
vector received e.g. from hessian calculation.

Yours,
-S.
*******************************************************************
Dr. Stanislav K. Ignatov
Department of Chemistry, University of Nizhny Novgorod
23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603600  Russia
Phone: +7-(831)-265-8035
Email: tcg@ichem.unn.runnet.ru
http://quark.unn.runnet.ru
*******************************************************************
===========


#2
To: "E. Lewars" <elewars@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca>
Subject: RE: G:IR INTENSITIES
Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1999 02:27:10 +0100

Dear Prof. Lewars,

I would suggest to use linear combinations of bond distances. For the 
water example: 
asym. mode : +delta_r(O-H1)-delta_r(O-H2) 
sym. mode  : +delta_r(O-H1)+delta_r(O-H2) 
with abs(delta_r(O-H1)) = abs(delta_r(O-H1)). 

There will be a problem with bigger molecules since modes of equal symmetry tend
 to interact and spread over the whole molecule.

Stefan
______________________________________________________________________
Dr. Stefan Fau
Fachbereich Chemie, AK Frenking
Philipps-Universit\344t Marburg
35032 Marburg, Germany
fau@chemie.uni-marburg.de
=========


#3
Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1999 11:26:38 -0800 (PST)
Subject: Re: CCL:G:IR INTENSITIES
To: elewars@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca

You need to refer to the classic, Wilson, Decius, and Cross,
Molecular Vibrations.  In the expression, d(mu)/dq, q is not a single
internal coordinate but a normal coordinate.  Cotton's book on group
theory gives a short discussion of how to obtain the normal coordinates.
I thought that Gaussian calculated them as well.
======


#4
                  1-MAR-1999 12:32:21.97
>From:  IN%"mathieu@ripault.cea.fr"  "Didier MATHIEU"
To:     IN%"elewars@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca"  "E. Lewars"
CC:     IN%"chemistry@www.ccl.net"
Subj:   CCL:IR INTENSITIES per.syst.& Berry phase


reply to E. Lewars + additional question

E. Lewars wrote:
> -------------
> QUESTION:
> Suppose we have, say H2O, and want to calc the relative intensities of
> the asym and the sym stretching modes. In principle we can distort the geom
> a little (as for H-F and H-Cl, above) and calc the change in dipole moment,
> delta m. But what do we take as delta q when there is not just *one* simple
> geometric parameter like r=(H--X)?  I suppose either q is composite, or the
> expression for I has several terms.

As the distortion of a given mode q is given by the associated
eigenvector U, then I think "delta q" should be taken as the magnitude
(e.g. in Angstrom) of the distortion vector (delta q).U after conversion
from the mass-weighted cartesian coordinates Q to the standard cartesian
coordinates X.
In other words, (delta q).U is given e.g. in amu^(1/2).Anqstroms. Each
coordinate of this mass-weighted cartesian vector (delta q).U should be
divided by the square root of the mass of the associated atom. This
gives a new vector (delta x).X in angstroms, whose magnitude is (delta
x). 
Then, delta m is the difference between the dipole calculated on the
distorted geometry and the one calculated on the equilibrium geometry.
To be consistent with to diatomic case, it seems to me, although I
didn't studied to question in depth, that one should divide the
magnitude of delta m (in Angstroms) by the magnitude of the vector
(delta q).U in amu^(1/2).Angstroms, and then take the square of this
quantity to obtain the intensity in Debye^2.Angstrom^-2.amu^-1.

If this works, then such a scheme might be of practical value (instead
of chain-rule differentiation of (delta m)/(elta q)) in the following
context:
* normal modes are available 
* IR intensities are to be obtained from a higher theoretical level as
normal modes 
* one is only interested only in intensities in a restricted region of
the spectrum
Indeed, the IR intensities sought should be obtainable from a few dipole
moment calculations for geometries distorted according to the few
associated eigenvectors.

BTW, I have another question related to IR intensities, more specially
for periodic systems. 
It seems to me that some papers reported IR intensities for periodic
systems in a purely classic approach, using a parameterized model for
charge distribution (e.g. electro-optic parameters).
On the other hand, I have been told that calculation of IR intensities
of periodic systems should take into account the quantum "Berry Phase"
(I don't know what it is) to make up for the lack of a proper definition
of the "dipole moment" of such a system.
How can one reconcile this requirement for the Berry phase with
classical simulations for which no quantum concept is used ??

Thanks
-- 
Didier MATHIEU
CEA - Le Ripault, BP 16
37260 Monts (France)
Tel. 33(0)2.47.34.41.85
=================

From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 19:25:41 1999
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Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 16:33:00 -0500 (EST)
From: Artem Masunov <amasunov@email.GC.cuny.edu>
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To: CCL Computational Chemistry List <chemistry@www.ccl.net>
Cc: Irena Efremenko <chrirena@techunix.technion.ac.il>,
        cermsge@techunix.technion.ac.il
Subject: Re: CCL:ZINDO program
In-Reply-To: <Pine.A32.3.96.990312122726.24358A-100000@chrs1.chem.lsu.edu>
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The web page 
> http://www.qtp.ufl.edu/zindo.html
sends you to MSI. There are rumors ZINDO from MSI does not reproduce 
original Zerner's results in some cases. 
ZINDO/S was also implemented in Gaussian98. However, you need ZINDO/1 to
get energies and geometries.. 

Hope this helps,
Artem

> > I would like to calculate reliable adsorption energies and optimized
> > geometries for small molecules on/in relatively large transition metal
> > clusters (50-100 atoms). My main interest is in adsorbent-induced
> > changes in metal skeleton. To my best knowledge the ZINDO program is the
> > best choice for such calculations. May somebody here point me out how
> > can I get it? 
> 
> Zerner's Group at University of Florida:
> http://www.qtp.ufl.edu/zindo.html
> 
> charwel@chrs1.chem.lsu.edu
> 


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 19:47:51 1999
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Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 21:59:48 +0000
To: chemistry@www.ccl.net
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Dear CCL members,

The first full version of SimChemistry for Windows is now 
available for download from

 http://www.wartnaby.demon.co.uk

It uses on-screen molecular dynamics in two dimensions,
involving hard disk or Lennard-Jones molecules, together
with walls, pistons, graphs and text, as an educational tool
to explore the microscopic behaviour behind macroscopic
phenomena in physical chemistry.

While members of this group would not find it useful in
day-to-day work, you might find it of interest or use in
teaching theoretical or physical chemistry courses, in
lecture presentations or practical session demonstrations.

Please see the website above for further details.
-- 
Charlie Wartnaby, Cambridge, England
O OO O  OO oO OOo Oo oOO Oo OooOo Oo oOoo OooOo OoOOo o oo OOo
SimChemistry for Windows -- Live molecular dynamics for chemical
education -- download free from http://www.wartnaby.demon.co.uk
E-mail chem@wartnaby.demon.co.uk to join mailing list for updates

From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 20:01:33 1999
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From: "Sergio Emanuel Galembeck" <segalemb@usp.br>
To: "CCL mail list" <chemistry@www.ccl.net>
Subject: NBO: $CHOOSE and $DEL
Date: Fri, 12 Mar 1999 22:00:33 -0300
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Dear netters,

    In NBO 3..0 I  generate a particular Lewis 
structure of an conjugated molecule, using 
$CHOOSE command, but I am not able to 
calculate the energy of deletion of some 
excited orbitals of this structure with $DEL.
Is it possible?

    Thank you in advance,

                Sergio

==============================================
Sergio Emanuel Galembeck
Assistant Professor in Physical Chemistry
Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular
Departamento de Quimica
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto
Universidade de Sao Paulo

fax: +55-16-633-81-51
e-mail: segalemb@usp.br

===============================================


From chemistry-request@www.ccl.net  Fri Mar 12 20:31:51 1999
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To: Peter Shenkin <shenkin@schrodinger.com>, chemistry@www.ccl.net
Subject: Re: CCL:Avogadro's number
Date: Tue, 19 Apr 2135 04:42:47 +0100
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>P.S.  Here's a homework problem.  What does a gram of any ordinary
>matter contain Avogadro's number of?

amus, not to say amusement :-)

Cheers

